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This book reveals several aspects of the Ancient Egyptian culture, such as the very remote antiquities of Egypt; the Egyptian characteristics and religious beliefs and practices; their social/political system; their cosmic temples; the richness of their language; musical heritage and comprehensive sciences; their advanced medicine; their vibrant economy; excellent agricultural and manufactured products; their transportation system; and much more.
Table of Contents
Preface
Standards and Terminology
Chronology of Egyptian Dynasties
Map
Part I. The Peoples of Egypt
1 The Beginning
2 The Egyptian Populous
3. The Most Religious
4. The Social/Political Order
Part II. The Cosmic Correlations
5. As Above, So Below
6. The Pharaoh, The Cosmic Link
7. Egyptian Temples
Part III. The Learned Egyptians
8. The Divine Language
9. The Egyptian Musical Heritage
10. Health and Medicine
11. Total Science
Part IIII. The Vibrant Economy
12. The Cultivating Culture
13. The Manufacturing Industries
14. Transportation Infrastructure
15. The Market Economy
Appendices
The Universal Egyptian Allegory
Glossary
Selected Bibliography
Sources and Notes
Index
About T.R.F. Books
Ordering Information
The Egyptian Knowledge of Metallurgy and Metalworking
At an early period, the Egyptians learned how to work metals, and all agree that 5,000 years ago the Ancient Egyptians had already developed the techniques of mining, refining, and metalworking.
Ancient Egypt did not have several kinds of mineral ores, such as silver, copper, tin, lead, etc, even though they produced large quantities of electrum (an alloy of gold and silver), copper, and bronze alloys. The Ancient Egyptians used their expertise to explore for mineral ores in Egypt and in other countries. Ancient Egypt had the means and knowledge to explore for the needed mineral ores, establish mining processes, and transport heavy loads for long distances, by land and sea.
Because of it being the largest and richest population in the ancient world, Egypt imported huge quantities of raw materials, and in return exported large quantities of finished goods. The Ancient Egyptians’ finished metallic and non-metallic products are found in tombs throughout the Mediterranean Basin, European, Asiatic and African countries.
The Egyptians possessed considerable knowledge of chemistry and the use of metallic oxides, as manifested in their ability to produce glass and porcelain in a variety of natural colors. The Ancient Egyptians also produced beautiful colors from copper, which reflects their knowledge of the composition of various metals, and the knowledge of the effects produced on different substances by the earth’s salts. This concurs with our “modern” definition of the subjects of chemistry and metallurgy.
Chemistry is the science dealing with the composition and properties of substances, and with the reactions by which substances are produced from or converted into other substances; the application of this to a specified subject or field of activity; the chemical properties, composition, reactions, and uses of a substance.
Metallurgy is the science of metal, especially the science of separating metals from their ores and preparing them for use, by smelting, refining, etc.
The methods of metalworking: melting, forging, soldering, and chasing of metal, were not only much practiced, but also most highly developed. The frequent references in Ancient Egyptian records of metalworking gives us a truer conception of the importance of this industry in Ancient Egypt.
The skill of the Egyptians in compounding metals is abundantly proven by the vases, mirrors, and implements of bronze, discovered at Ta-Apet (Thebes), and other parts of Egypt. They adopted numerous methods for varying the composition of bronze, by a judicious mixture of alloys. They also had the secret of giving a certain degree of elasticity to bronze, or brass blades, as evident in the dagger now housed in the Berlin Museum. This dagger is remarkable for the elasticity of its blade, its neatness and perfection of finish. Many Ancient Egyptian products, now scattered in European museums, contain 10 to 20 parts tin, to 80 and 90 parts copper.
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